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Wilcox, C

How Your Body Absorbs Them Your digestive system handles these molecules differently: NMN Absorption: Enters bloodstream within minutes 3 Uses specific intestinal transporters Reaches tissues in 10-30 minutes Stays intact during transport NAD Absorption: Cannot cross cell membranes intact 4 Gets broken down before absorption Requires cellular reassembly Less efficient for oral use How NMN Converts Into NAD NMN is converted to NAD through a direct cellular pathway

HY: Writing review & editing

J Lipid Res 59:625634

Abbreviations AADAC: Arylacetamide deacetylase ALT: Alanine aminotransaminase APAP: Acetaminophen AST: Aspartate aminotransferase CCl 4 : Carbon tetrachloride CP: Ceruloplasmin DFO: Deferoxamine DILI: Drug-induced liver injury EDTA: Ethylenediamine- N , N , N , N -tetraacetic acid disodium ER: Endoplasmic reticulum Fer-1: Ferrostatin-1 GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4 HO1: Heme oxygenase 1 NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 MDA: Malondialdehyde MLM: Mouse liver microsomes MLS9: Mouse liver S9 fractions SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate SLC7A11: Solute carrier family 7 member 11 TBA: 2-Thioberbituric acid References Attia SM (2010) Deleterious effects of reactive metabolites